Transforming Ethnocentrism into Nationalism

By Akhmad Zamroni

Primordialism and ethnocentrism are two of the many potential sources of conflict that can arise due to diversity in tribes, ethnic groups, religious affiliations, social classes, and so on. However, specifically regarding ethnocentrism, is this concept always a potential source of conflict with negative implications? It turns out that this is not the case. In addition to its negative aspects, ethnocentrism can also have positive aspects. Under certain circumstances, ethnocentrism can foster a sense of nationalism and patriotism. In other words, ethnocentrism can be “channeled” into nationalism and patriotism.

Hierarchically speaking, ethnocentrism appears to be the very foundation upon which nationalism and patriotism are built. When viewed in terms of the manner and sequence of their formation, nationalism and patriotism may well be further developments of ethnocentrism. The seeds of national spirit and love for the homeland found in nationalism and patriotism — whether consciously or unconsciously — are the result of the development of the “belief in one’s own superiority” inherent in ethnocentrism.

Nasionalisme Indonesia (Foto: Net)

The traits found in ethnocentrism are indeed similar to those found in nationalism and patriotism. All three tend to be characterized by “pride in oneself.” However, while ethnocentrism tends to be excessive — to the point of looking down on other groups — nationalism and patriotism are relatively proportionate and controlled, making them more courteous and civilized.

It is said that the growth and development of nationalism and patriotism are the result of the accumulation or combination of ethnocentrism emerging from ethnic, racial, social, religious, and other groups within a nation. Through this process, the emerging ethnocentrism coalesces into nationalism and patriotism. Therefore, when intergroup relations become strained, ethnocentrism is triggered to confront other groups; however, when the nation is in danger, the ethnocentrism of various groups coalesces to form a new unity known as nationalism and patriotism to confront the nation’s enemies.

Such a dynamic demonstrates that ethnocentrism can be harnessed to foster nationalism and patriotism. Indeed, ethnocentrism should be channeled into nationalism and patriotism. However, this channeling and utilization must be carried out in a controlled and civilized manner so that the resulting nationalism and patriotism do not degenerate into chauvinism. ***